Book Review: Zero To One

BOOK REVIEW OF ZERO TO ONE: NOTES ON STARTUPS, OR HOW TO BUILD THE FUTURE BY PETER THIEL

When we get inspired by Bill Gates and build another five companies like Microsoft then we go from 1 to n. But when we create something unique that did not exist before us are going from Zero to One. This book is all about inspiring us to think about grand ideas and not for those who are looking to merely tinker. Unsolved problems are hotbeds of opportunity. Every moment in business happens only once. Conventional education leads to conventional choices. So his Thiel Fellowship program funds smart people who are under 20, to forgo their college education and start their own companies.

Peter Thiel is a billionaire entrepreneur (he started Paypal in 1998 as a way to create an alternative to the dollar), turned venture capitalist turned author taught a class on entrepreneurship at Stanford. He was the first outside investor in Facebook. He studied philosophy at Stanford University before going on to Stanford Law School, and working in a law firm in New York and then as a derivatives trader on Wall Street.

The book starts by asking Thiel’s favorite interview question, “What important truth do very few people agree with you on?” This book is about asking you to think, “What valuable company is no one building?” If the company we are thinking of will show diminishing rate of return, our idea is not original enough. An original idea (like LinkedIn, says Thiel) will give progressively higher rate of returns. All the “zero to one” ideas like Facebook follow four rules.

1. They are bold ideas and not about taking baby steps and making incremental progress.
2. The founder has a clear plan. A wrong plan is better than no plan. See how you can leverage technology.
3. Try to create a small monopoly. That is where profits lie. But never declare yourself as one.
4. Product is important but so is Sales. Nerds often do not get this when they come up with a great product – someone has to sell it.

There is no such thing as luck – it is all about skills and a great team. A lone genius cannot create a startup. He quotes Jack Dorsey, the founder of Twitter who said, “Success is never accidental”. A founder must have a long term view. Steve Jobs designed Apple’s future with a series of ground breaking new products every few years. That’s where the Power Law kicks in. Those who can think of a Zero to One idea will create monopolies and leave pennies for those who will be inspired to follow. That’s a strong warning to all those who imitate Steve Job’s arrogance without having his vision.

Thiel has seven questions that he thinks every start-up must answer:

1. Can you create breakthrough technology that is at least 10x better?
2. Is now the right time to start your business?
3. Are you starting with a big share of a small market? Think monopoly.
4. Do you have the right team?
5. Do you have a way to not just create but to deliver your product?
6. Will your market position be defensible 10 or 20 years into the future?
7. Have you identified a unique opportunity that others don’t see?

Thiel has strong opinions on everything – even how we should dress (hint: don’t wear suits ever!). He is a contrarian and is unafraid of offending you by challenging your world view.

The book certainly inspired me to abandon incremental thinking. This book should be read by everyone who wants to be an entrepreneur. You cannot think short term. Thiel may know a thing or two about success. The PayPal core team members went on to start Yammer, LinkedIn, YouTube and Yelp. In that sense the book will become a handbook that entrepreneurs will read in order to really ask whether their idea really is going to be a “Zero to One” idea just like this book.

Review Summary

Zero to One is a small and intellectually engaging book.  It is an essential read for anyone planning to build a successful and sustainable innovative technology company.

Positively defined, a startup is the largest group of people we can convince of a plan to build a different future.

This is a self-help book for entrepreneurs, bursting with bromides and sunny confidence about the future that only start-ups can build. But much more than that, it's also a lucid and profound articulation of capitalism and success in the 21st century economy.

So it's surprising in a wonderful way just how simple Zero to One feels. Barely 200 pages long, and well lit by clear prose and pithy aphorisms, Thiel is brilliant at addressing his audience, entrepreneurs on the road to success. Thiel’s book is meant to inspire entrepreneurs, but it is also serves as an inspiration for its genre. 

Methods of Job Evaluation

Job-evaluation methods are of two categories:-

a) Analytical Methods

Point Ranking Methods
Factor Comparison Method

b) Non-analytical Methods

Ranking Method
Job-grading Method

Non-analytical Methods

Ranking and job-classification methods come under this category because they make no use of detailed job factors. Each job is treated as a whole in determining its relative ranking.

Ranking Method

This is the simplest, the most inexpensive and the most expensive method of evaluation. The evaluation committee assesses the worth of each job on the basis of its title or on its contents, if the latter are available. But the job is not broken down into elements or factors. Each job is compared with others and its place is determined.

The method has several drawbacks. Job evaluation may be subjective as the jobs are not broken into factors. It is hard to measure whole jobs.

Job-grading Method

As in the ranking method, the job-grading method (or job-classification method) does not call for a detailed or quantitative analysis of job factors. It is based on the job as a whole.The difference between the two is that in the ranking method, there is no yardstick for evaluation, while in the classification method, there is such an yardstick in the form of job classes or grades.

Under the classification method, the number of grades is first decided upon, and the factors corresponding to these grades are then determined. Facts about jobs are collected and are matched with the grades which have been established.

The essential requirement of the job-grading method is to frame grade descriptions to cover discernible differences in degree of skill, responsibility and other job characteristics. Job grades are arranged in the order of their importance in the form of a schedule. The lowest grade may cover jobs requiring greater physical work under close supervision, but carrying little responsibility. Each succeeding grade reflects a higher level of skill and responsibility, with less and less supervision.

The advantages of the job-classification method include its simplicity and inexpensiveness. Secondly, in organizations where number of jobs is small, this method yields satisfactory results.

The disadvantages of the method are:

(i) job grade descriptions are vague and are not quantified;

(ii) difficulty in convincing employees about the inclusion of a job in a particular grade because of vagueness of grade descriptions; and

(iii) more job classification schedules need to be prepared because the same schedule cannot be used for all types of jobs.

Analytical Methods

These include the point-ranking method and the factor-comparison method

Point-Ranking Method

The system starts with the selection of job factors, construction of degrees for each factor, and assignment of points to each degree. Different factors are selected for different jobs with accompanying differences in degrees an points. The National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association (NEMA), USA, has given the factors, degrees and points for hourly rated.

The range of score and grades is also predetermined-for example, from 210 to 230 points, the
5th grade; 231 to 251 points, the 6th grade; and so forth. A given job is placed in a particular grade, depending on the number of points it scores.

The advantages of point system are:

1. A job is split into a number of factors. The worth of each job is determined on the basis of its factors and not by considering the job as a whole.

2. The procedure adopted is systematic and can easily be explained to the employees.

3. The method is simple to understand and easy to administer.

At least two defects are noticed in the point system. First, employees may disagree with the points allotted and the factors and their degrees identified. Second, serious doubts are expressed about the range of points allotted and matching them with the job grades. For example, a score range of 238 to 249 is grade seven and the next range of 250 to 271 is grade six. A variation of one point makes all the difference.

Factor-Comparison Method

The factor-comparison method is yet another approach for job evaluation in the analytical group. Under this method, one begins with the selection of factors, usually five of them: mental requirements, skill requirements, physical exertion, responsibility, and job conditions. These factors are assumed to be constant for all the jobs. Each factor is ranked individually with other jobs.

For example, all the jobs may be compared first by the factor ‘mental requirements’. Then the skills factor, physical requirements, responsibility, and working conditions are ranked. Thus, a job may rank near the top in skills but low in physical requirements. Then total point values are then assigned to each factor. The worth of a job is then obtained by adding together all the point values.

An advantage of the factor-comparison methods that jobs of unlike nature – for example, manual, clerical and supervisory – may be evaluated with same set of factors. But the method is complicated and expensive.

Revenue Deficit & Fiscal Deficit

What is fiscal deficit?
The difference between total revenue and total expenditure of the government is termed as fiscal deficit. It is an indication of the total borrowings needed by the government. While calculating the total revenue, borrowings are not included.

Generally fiscal deficit takes place due to either revenue deficit or a major hike in capital expenditure. Capital expenditure is incurred to create long-term assets such as factories, buildings and other development. A deficit is usually financed through borrowing from either the central bank of the country or raising money from capital markets by issuing different instruments like treasury bills and bonds.

What is the difference between fiscal deficit and primary deficit?
Primary deficit is one of the parts of fiscal deficit. While fiscal deficit is the difference between total revenue and expenditure, primary deficit can be arrived by deducting interest payment from fiscal deficit. Interest payment is the payment that a government makes on its borrowings to the creditors.

What are the views of different experts on fiscal deficit?
Economists differ widely on their views on fiscal deficit. According to John Maynard Keynes, a deficit prevents an economy from falling into recession, while another school of thought is that a country should not have fiscal deficit.

Many economists think that if the deficit is financed by raising debt from the central bank it may lead to an inflationary scenario. Higher fiscal deficit is one of the reasons for the Indian economy to have relatively higher inflation.

What is revenue deficit?
A mismatch in the expected revenue and expenditure can result in revenue deficit. Revenue deficit arises when the government’s actual net receipts is lower than the projected receipts. On the contrary, if the actual receipts are higher than expected one, it is termed as revenue surplus. A revenue deficit does not mean actual loss of revenue.

Let’s take an hypothetical example, if a country expects a revenue receipt of Rs 100 and expenditure worth Rs 75, it can result in net revenue of Rs 25. But the actual revenue of Rs 90 is realised and an expenditure is Rs 70. This translates into net revenue of Rs 20, which is Rs 5 lesser than the budgeted net revenue and called as revenue deficit.

Current Situation

India’s Current Account Deficit (CAD) as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) rose to an all-time high of 5.4 per cent in the second quarter of 2012-13 on account of widening of trade deficit and slower growth in visible, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) said in its monthly bulletin for March.The budget 2013-14 pegged the fiscal deficit at 4.8 % and as per the revised estimate of 2012-13, it is expected to be at 5,2 % of GDP.The fiscal deficit in our country is mainly driven by revenue deficit. In the year 2011-12, the share of revenue deficit in fiscal deficit was 76.43% and for year 2013-14 expectation is about 70%. You can have a look at the targets of fiscal consolidation in given table.

To check & manage the Deficit, government has enacted an Act which is called as FRBM Act.

What is the FRBM Act?
The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act was enacted by Parliament in 2003 to bring in fiscal discipline. It received the President’s assent in August the same year. The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government had notified the FRBM Rules in July 2004. As Parliament is the supreme legislative body, these will bind the present finance minister P Chidambaram, and also future finance ministers and governments.

How will it help in redeeming the fiscal situation?
The FRBM Rules impose limits on fiscal and revenue deficit. Hence, it will be the duty of the Union government to stick to the deficit targets. It also empowers RBI for taking measures to control Inflation. The Act also provide exception to government in case of natural calamity and national security.

Calculation of GDP

How GDP calculated and what is are these income, production and expenditure methods ?

GDP is calculated by three methods.
Theoretically all three of them should give same final number, but in reality there will be slight difference between each of them.

#A: EXPENDITURE METHOD OF COUNTING GDP
Here you count the money spent by everyone.

So How to make a ‘technical’ formula? Ask yourself, where is the money changing hands? There are five components of that.

#1: CONSUMPTION BY PRIVATE CITIZENS [C]
like you and me buying (overpriced) daal, vegetables and milk (courtesy: Sharad Pawar).
I buy your second-hand bike for 15,000 Rupees, should we including it in the consumer Expenditure (C) ? Nope. Because the bike Is not ‘produced again.

When you had bought that bike for Rs.30000, 10 years ago, we had counted that money in that year’s GDP. So second hand-product sale money cannot be counted in this year’s GDP.
Now, I buy your second-hand bike from an auto dealer, (who gets Rs.1000 Commission) should we include it in the (C)? Hell Yes, because he sold his ‘service’ to me uniquely. Every time he sells a second hand product, although no new ‘product’ is created but new service is delivered by him.
WHAT IF SAME 1000 RUPEE NOTE IS CHANGING HANDS?

I gave a note of Rs.1000 to that dealer as part of his brokerage (dalaali) and he gives the same Rs.1000 note to the electricity company for his monthly bill.
Same Rs.1000 note is changing hands so is our GDP =Rs.1000? Nope. GDP is the money value of everything produced within India. So brokerage service is Rs.1000 separately and the electricity produced is also worth Rs.1000 separately. Therefore, Even as same 1000 rupee note is given to both parties.
Total GDP=1000 brokeage+1000 electricity bill=Rs.2000
If electri.co gives that 1000 rupee note to its peon as salary, then again it has to be counted. Because peon sold his unique service separately to the company. So in that case
Total GDP =Brokerge+Electric bill+peon^’ salary=Rs.3000

#2: Investment [I]
People investing in sharemarket, putting money in banks etc.

#3: Government spending [G]
Like buying (overpriced) sports equipment from Kalmaadi’s associates during Common wealth games. Government  paying salary to staff, buying new tanks and missiles..everything.

:Export & Import [X & M]
Money we get from export is added.
You remember that GDP means Money value of everything we produce within India. So if we import something, it has to be subtracted, because it is not produced within India.
So formula (for ease In remembering)
GDP = Consumer+Investor+Governer + (eXporter – iMporter)
Technically correct formula:

GDP(Expenditure)=C+I+G+(X-M)

#B: Income Method of counting gdp
Here you count everyone’s income. But some people may be running business in credit (udhaari), sometimes payments are delayed. So may not give the ‘full picture’ for the given year.

#C: Production method of counting gdp
Total money value of everything produced (value added at each stage)

    Farmer produced Wheat and sold 100 kg of it @ 2000 Rs. (Original value)
    Flour mill, purchased it, grinded it and sold the flour to baker @ 2500 Rs. (+500 value added to previous purchase)
    Baker made breads, cookies and biscuits and sold the total production @3500 Rs to its final customers. (+1000 value added to previous purchase)
what is total ‘GDP’ here?
2000+2500+3500=8000 Rs? Hell no! You’ve to see the value added.
So, total money value of this line is: 2000+500+1000=3500.
Not all of the wheat goes into Baker’s oven. Some of it will go in making beer, some in a normal household for making roti and so on. You’ve to track the value added in each different line.

Marketing Mix Of Acc Cement – ACC marketing mix

ACC Limited was earlier known with the name of The Associated Cement Companies Limited. ACC Cement is the largest manufacturer of cement in India and its subcontinent. The brand empowers the most ambitious civil projects in India, Bangladesh and other southern countries of Asia.  The registered office of ACC Cement is located in Mumbai and is popular with the name of Cement House.

Around ten cement companies came together in 1936 to form the Association of Cement Companies but over the time things changed, businesses expanded and ACC became an independent enterprise. ACC Cement is listed on Indian Share Market and has a prominent role in driving it.

Cement makes up the most work done by ACC Cement; they started as a unit of cement makers but for some time now, they are doing it on their own.

Table of Contents

1 Product in the Marketing mix of ACC Cement
2 Place in Marketing Mix of ACC Cement
3 Price in the Marketing mix of ACC Cement
4 Promotions in the Marketing mix of ACC Cement

Product in the Marketing mix of ACC Cement

ACC Cement is playing a vital role in India’s Infrastructure development. In regular collaboration with Government and other Private parties, it has contributed a lot to enormous and important projects in past decades. The enterprise mainly provides the world with quality cement.

They have recently introduced a few varieties in cements and all of them have been doing well in the market. ACC Cement is one of those enterprises with impressive share market holdings. They have aced the art of impressing investors by leveraging the world with the quality cement.

Different types of products in ACC are

Portland cements
Blended cements
Ready mix concrete

Place in Marketing Mix of ACC Cement

Since the time ACC was an association, they have established bases in almost every corner of the country today when it functions individually; it still tries to distribute the world load equally among states and manufacturing units. The impressive establishment and the quality production have helped ACC Cement be an incredible part of ambitious projects in the country.

Jamul, Kymore, Sindri, Vizag, Wadi, New Wadi Plants are some of the most popular production units of ACC Cement in India. A huge chunk of Cement ACC supplies comes from these establishments.

ACC reaches out to customers directly through outlets and by franchisee methods. The online presence of the enterprise has increased in recent past and now people can order cements online as well. The enterprise aims to be easily accessible by one and all hence they are making themselves available on almost every front.

The major sale of ACC happens directly to builders and real estate companies. Here they face stiff competition from Ambuja and Ultratech cement. However, ACC as a brand is also very strong, and hence there is a huge pull for the brand in the market. The company also works through the traditional distribution channel which has distributors, dealers and retailers.

Price in the Marketing mix of ACC Cement

Pricing and packaging are two integral part of ACC’s huge success. The enterprise always had proper understanding of the Indian market hence they were able to decide better. The enterprise supplies products to all small-scale as well as large-scale projects hence they have quite a competitive price along with flexible packaging options.

Because of the packed cement sector, and the upcoming new cement brands in the market, ACC cannot afford any pricing methodology other then competitive pricing. None of the cement brands can afford any other pricing type.

A pack of cement varies somewhere between 280 INR to 350 INR. There are varied packaging sizes, which are designed to fit everyone’s need, especially the large cement bags which are most sold to dealers and distributors. The enterprise has been quite attentive towards customer feedback, which is very much conspicuous in form of improvements.

Promotions in the Marketing mix of ACC Cement

ACC was once a unit of multiple cement companies hence required no advertisement. People trusted ACC in the start because it had partners like Tata; over the time, even though it is not a combination of companies, people have continued to trust the enterprise because of the promise that the brand has maintained.

Word of Mouth has been an important promotional factor for ACC in recent past but the TV campaign and Radio ads are indispensable.

ACC has that very powerful TV Ad, where the slogans CEMENTING RELATIONSHIPS attracts eyes and makes people trust the brand. The impressive display of creativity and the qualitative approach of serving customers have helped this enterprise keep it floating.

Another TV Campaign where slogan ‘Cement Se Badhkar’ is used has helped people trust the brand more than ever. However, on the promotions front, the two brands which are overshadowing ACC currently are Ambuja and Ultratech. And ACC is yet to show case its brand power via ATL media or even via BTL. In fact, the product quality of ACC overshadows all other factors. Yet if it wants to move forward, the company needs to invest in promotions also.

Marketing mix of Sprite – Sprite Marketing mix

Sprite is known as the smartest of all aerated drinks, simply because that’s what it communications represents. 7 Up, which is the main competitor of sprite, is a really cool dude. On the other hand, Sprite is someone sarcastic and clever, who always gets away with his tricks.

Being from the portfolio of Coca Cola, Sprite has earned a name for itself across the world as it has far and wide distribution. Here is the Marketing mix of Sprite including the 4 P’s.

Table of Contents

1 Product in the Marketing mix of Sprite
2 Place in the marketing mix of Sprite
3 Price in the Marketing mix of Sprite
4 Promotions in the Marketing mix of Sprite

Product in the Marketing mix of Sprite

Sprite is a colorless, clear, lime flavored, non caffeinated cold drink. It immediately differentiates itself from other cold drinks which are mostly colored.
Sprite is majorly marketed as a refreshing drink for its consumers. It uses the color green for its packaging which is the color of plants, trees or greenery. It relaxes the consumer and refreshes him.
Due to its clear color as well as nature of the drink (lime flavored), it is also used as an additive for several other drinks. Most commonly, many mocktails, cocktails or even hard drinks are served with sprite.
Sprite was first introduced as a “Clear lemon Fanta” in Germany in 1959, and in the US in 1961. Since that day Sprite has not looked back and has been a hit with most.
The intention of bringing Sprite as a product to the market was that Coca cola wanted to compete with 7 Up which was introduced by Dr Pepper Snapple group in US, and later on branded with Pepsi for the rest of the world.
Some of its variants are the main Sprite, Sprite zero, Sprite cranberry, Sprite Zero cranberry and the Sprite tropical mix.

Place in the marketing mix of Sprite

Being a popular drink especially due to its additive nature, Sprite is distributed far and wide. It was present in 190 countries as of 2015 and is the Worlds leading lime flavored drink.
Sprite is backed by Coca cola, which itself has a larger distribution network then Pepsi. Hence it is safe to say that Sprite has a larger distribution network then 7 Up.
Being an FMCG product, Sprite follows the same distribution channel as most FMCG companies. It moves from its production plant in germany, to its depot warehouses. It is the delivered to the various distributors of Sprite. From the distributors it goes to Retailers and then finally to consumers. Many modern retailers directly purchase from Sprite company, and in this case the material moves from Depot warehouse to the warehouse of modern retailer.
The place of distribution is varied and as it is a mass product, you will find its presence in all corners. It is sold through normal convenience stores, retail stores, modern retailers, hypermarkets, online. Any channel you think of, will have the presence of sprite.

Price in the Marketing mix of Sprite

Like any other cold drink Sprite also has a competitive price
The market is too narrow for any cold drink to try any other pricing other than competitive pricing.
Pepsi’s 7 UP being closely priced, they are always at loggerheads and the main differentiation is the distribution point between them.

Promotions in the Marketing mix of Sprite

Localized taglines – In India Sprite uses the tagline “Clear hai” or “Sprite bujhaye pyaas, baki sab bakwaas”. It uses other taglines in other companies
Packaging is pretty in green. Both 7 Up and Sprite have green packaging, targeted towards the freshness of lime, but when seen on a shelf, you will find Sprite having better looking packaging.
The brand always tries to differentiate itself showcasing itself as a funny and clever brand.
Uses ATL as well as BTL marketing prominently. In ATL, majorly television is used, whereas in BTL, sponsorships, point of purchase advertising, trade promotions as well as consumer discounts are used.
Here is an excellent reference to the history of Marketing of Sprite by Wikipedia. Sprite by Wikipedia.
This was the Marketing mix of Sprite. Read more to know the SWOT analysis of Sprite.

Marketing Mix IPL

IPL – The Indian premier league has taken the cricketing world by storm. It has also got its marketing mix spot on. Read on to discover the perfection in the marketing mix of Indian Premier League

Product in the Marketing mix of IPL

IPL stands for Indian Premier League. It is a Twenty20 tournament started by BCCI. It is the brainchild of Lalit Modi. It started in the year 2008 and comprises the players from all over the world. A perfect blend of cricket & entertainment. It’s providing a stage for many youngsters to show their performance & profitable too to Advertisers and broadcasting channels.

Price in the Marketing mix of IPL

As far as the IPL pricing structure is concern, The IPL is predicted to bring the BCCI income of approximately US$ 1.6 billion, over a period of five to ten years. All of these revenues are directed to a central pool, 40% of which will go to IPL itself, 54% to franchisees and 6% as prize money. The money will be distributed in these proportions until 2017, after which the share of IPL will be 50%, franchisees 45% and prize money 5%. The IPL signed up Kingfisher Airlines as the official umpire partner for the series in an Rs.106 Crore’s (1.06 billion) deal. This deal sees the Kingfisher Airlines brand on all umpires’ uniforms & also on the giant screens during third umpire decisions. Sony Entertainment Television signed a new contract with BCCI with Sony Entertainment Television paying a staggering Rs.8700 Crore’s (87 billion) for 10 years.

Place in the Marketing mix of IPL

The first season of the Indian Premier League commenced on 18 April 2008 in India, and ended on 1 June 2008 with the victory of the Rajasthan Royals against Chennai Super Kings in the final at the DY Patil Stadium, Navi Mumbai.

As the second season of the IPL coincided with multi-phase 2009 Indian general elections, the Indian Central Government refused to provide the Indian paramilitary forces to provide security, saying the forces would be stretched too thinly if they were to safeguard both the IPL and the elections. As a result, the BCCI decided to host the second season of the league outside India. All 59 matches of the second season, abbreviated as IPL 2, took place in South Africa. Ironically, South Africa were also scheduled to have elections doing the IPL, however, the South African government provided adequate security for both the South African General Elections and the IPL.

Promotion in the Marketing mix of IPL

When Bollywood and cricket met, the result was IPL and it was truly entertaining to see one’s favorite cricketer as well the Bollywood star on the same platform. IPL was no doubt an entertaining one. Super stars like Shah Rukh, Preity, Akshay, Katrina, Hrithik had been a source which provided a lot of glam to IPL promotion.

To attract the cricket fans, even team-owners have started selling tickets personally. Preity Zinta, the co-owner of Kings XI Punjab and Australian pace man Brett Lee sold the tickets along with their autographs.

People in the Marketing mix of IPL

Indian Premier League is mostly targeted for the younger generation youth. As the generations are very busy with their day to day work with IPL they get entertainment along with cricket which helps them to enjoy every aspect of the game. People are very excited towards IPL as this is only one game that brings different players of different countries at one platform, for which they tend to get attracted to see their favorite player perform. Some of the audiences are also attracted to see their favorite celebrity cheering for the team.

Process in the Marketing mix of IPL

Indian Premier League as a whole is the biggest event of the year for which months of preparation are to be done. For instance organizing the respective 8 teams who are performing for the event and the most important of all is marketing the IPL as it has to reach the wide range of audience globally. An arrangement of stadium where this event is going to be held is also finalized well before. Finally and most important of all is execution of the Event.

Physical Evidence

Fun, Music, Entertainment & sports, where can you find that, answer for that is INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE. People wait for this season as they get everything in a joyful bundle. IPL is also the biggest platform for advertising and promoting different product or brands which is clearly viewable during the event.